analysing sound and editing in parts of my fav film apocalypse now!

“Apocalypse Now” was directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola, who also directed “The Godfather”, another film full of violence and menace. The film is based on the book “Heart of Darkness” by Joseph Conrad.  It is a 1979 American War film set during Vietnam War.  The film stars many famous faces, such as Martin Sheen and Marlon Brando.  The scene I am going to be concentrating on is the first. It is common in Vietnam War films to concentrate on mental deterioration.

The purpose of this opening scene is to draw the viewer into the realisation that War is devastating, changing people and leaving them mentally disturbed. It also establishes the main character in the film.

The film begins with the submerged sound of one helicopter whilst the screen is still grey and then this sound continues as it is shown flying at half speed over the still jungle. The use of submerged sound in this way ensures the viewer aware that we are seeing Sheen’s memories. This is disturbing to the viewer because we know from the film title that the memories cannot be good ones, but the trees appear to be growing in an unspoilt paradise.  “Cultivate the garden within. What was Paradise? but a garden, an orchard of trees and herbs, full of pleasure and nothing there but delights.” William Lawson, explorer.  This quote by Lawson is suggestive of the Garden Of Eden, untouched and unspoilt, parallel to the initial part of the scene. It soon becomes apparent that there is a War going on and just like the Garden of Eden everything unspoilt is turned to devastation. At this point the audience is left bewildered.  The non-diegetic sound of “The End” by The Doors, is layered onto the scene. The song begins parallel with the images, mirroring the apparently serene landscape, and then gradually becomes contrapuntal as the gentle singing slowly becomes at odds at what is emerging as a theatre of War. This makes the audience uncomfortable because there is the gradual realisation that this idyllic situation is going to be destroyed and that there will be pain and death. The music volume (which is non-diegetic) and tone increases with time and the audience hear the sound of the helicopter again superimposed. The rhythm of the song is at odds with the sounds of the rotor blades which are fragmented. As The Doors sing “this is the end” bright explosions flare onto the screen but no sound accompanies them. The use of nondiegetic music getting louder instead of the noise of bombing, raising a feeling of anticipation in the audience as the destruction they are seeing maintains an unreal quality.  The director has purposely chosen a disturbing song which has a lilting melody but morbid lyrics.  This is confusing and worrying for the spectator because the soundtrack is both parallel and contrapuntal simultaneously, throwing him or her into the same waking nightmare that the main character is experiencing.

The editing in this scene is also interesting and echoes the sound nicely. The idyllic palm trees are a long take which is then broken by the devastating explosions.  The use of continuity editing builds up anticipation and tension for the audience. It also provides a back drop for the audience’s introduction to modern warfare. The first helicopter is filmed in slow motion and out of focus so that the audience hardly notices it, whilst still focusing on the trees. So the wafting yellow gas appears beautiful rather than deadly. Again when the next helicopter appears the audience only sees its runners, so the sudden bright explosions amongst the same trees come as a complete shock. Coppola has used the long take to great effect to impress upon the viewer the lack of culpability that comes with modern long range fighting.

As Martin Sheen’s face becomes superimposed on the landscape, the music becomes louder. The nondiegetic sound of the song brings the audience into the consciousness of the main character. As he drifts in and out of sleep the rotor blades become fragmented. The sound is disorientating because whilst it synchronises with the helicopter pictures, it also synchronises with the ceiling fan which the audience can see but not hear, whilst knowing that the fan is what the main character can hear. This serves to reinforce the half waking state of Sheen, and the confusion between memories and reality.

Sheen narrates his feelings in a nondiegetic voiceover, his slow smokey voice making him sound uneasy. This is accompanied by  one minute of conventional filming where the audience is able to focus on a single edit. The voiceover is clear and the audience is aware that at this point the character is lucid.  This makes the audience feel un-comfortable, the character is disturbed yet retains his brains and intellect. The audience does not quite know what to make of Sheen.   The diegetic sounds of the passing helicopter and street noises are the only soundtrack. But discontinuity editing is used instead of tracking the actor around the room. This implies to the observer that Sheen’s thoughts are dotting around and time is passing without him being conscious of it. The audience are made aware that he has been through a lot and has been left desensitised and damaged.

As Sheen sits musing in his room, nondiegetic jungle sounds fade in and out of the monologue. This reinforces to the audience what the character is saying – that he may be sitting in Saigon, but his heart and head are still in the jungle. As he says, “I’ve been here a week now, getting softer” his face fades into a shot of the fan which then fades into a shot from the ceiling down onto Sheen. The viewer knows that the longer Sheen stays, waiting for the next mission, the further his break down will progress.    

Then more parallel non-diegetic sound fades in. It is still the same Doors track. The sequence begins with more dual images cut together. Initially, the images are of Sheen practicing martial arts in the room and of the fan, but these then fade to more disturbing shots of the character at war in the jungle. This reveals how emotional the main character is as Sheen is faded back in looking unstable and drunk. The situation seems and strange and surreal as the cross cutting and discontinuity editing used have a nightmarish quailty to them and make the spectator feel nervous. The nondiegetic percussion and strange spitting and vocals in the background are used to add confusion for the main character and show madness.  The climax of the end of the Doors track parallels the actor’s increased agitation and drunkenness as he thrashes around, breaks a mirror and collapses in a bloody drunken heap at the side of his bed. This makes me the audience worried and scared for Sheen. As the actor gets drunker everything seems to move faster and the audience gets more anxious.

In this first sequence from “Apocalypse Now” the use of sound helps to create meaning and generate a response from the audience. It makes the audience feel anxious and excited.  Coppola uses both parallel and contrapuntal sound as well as simultaneous images to imply confusion and mental instability. Much of the time, it is not clear whether sound is diegetic or nondiegetic, adding to the audience’s bewilderment.  The editing is also vital to the film as it shows the spectator how the main character is feeling, and they begin to sympathise with him. By the end of this sequence it has been made clear to the viewer that the confusion and anguish that the character is experiencing is going to set the mood for the rest of the film. Nightmare and death are all that Sheen knows, and the story will continue until he kills or is killed. This man is going to face the apocalypse.  “...the idolaters and all liars- their place will be in the fiery lake of sulphur.” The Bible, Revelation 21.   

A trip to the theatre

“Ghosts” caused scandal and outrage when it was first staged in 1882 in Norway. Even in our enlightened times, the taboo subject matter (sexually transmitted disease)  still causes discomfort and distaste in the audience. Ibsen wrote that he wanted the audience to take part in the experience, but many people of his day must have baulked at that.  Ian Glen has attempted to recreate Nineteenth Century culture through the use of costume and melodramatic delivery, however, the juxtaposition of these elements with the naturalistic chorography and scenery was, for me, a contradiction and alienated me as a spectator. Despite the fact that this play is gloomy, there were aspects to admire. The simplicity of the set was a triumph, the few props providing a plain back-drop which never detracted from the action.

Oliver Fenwick deserves recognition for his ingenious lighting, which was used to great effect. As well as symbolising the movement of time throughout the play, it was also used to highlight abstract ideas, such as birth (the light portrayed early dawn), and the dramatic event of the orphanage burning down (red flickering). The play itself is fairly static, and much of the action is merely verbal. However, this clever use of lighting engaged the spectator. The final climax of the play was enhanced by the beat change of light levels dropping as Oswald descended into despair and pain and his mother became increasingly desperate to put him out of his misery.

The Duchess Theatre has a sound system which Richard Hammarton exploited to its utmost. Just as the dialogue was becoming rather tedious, the sudden introduction of burning wood and crackling flames surrounded us. Another small but very effective audio element was the playing of appropriate music as the audience gathered, which set the scene and the mood of the piece. Other productions could benefit from a similar approach.

The idea of simplicity was continued in the choice of costuming, which was Nineteenth Century, placing it clearly in the time in which it was written. I recognise that the colouring of the clothing was possibly chosen to enhance the sombre mood of the play and its subject matter. However, I feel that this was taken too far, and the overall effect was dull and depressing. Even the character of Regine, who was innocent of all the rottenness, was dressed in very dark colours. Ultimately I was left with the impression that the choice of wardrobe was governed more by a restricted budget than by aesthetic consideration.

Despite the fact the set was simple, it still left me confused. While the chaise longue was still definitely reminiscent of the dated era, the table and chairs appeared to be a lot more contemporary and were out of place. I again wondered whether this was a low budget affair. Surely it would have been more in keeping with the period feel to have sourced heavy dark furniture?

The acting was disappointing. Instead of being full of energy, it just came across as melodramatic. Mrs Alving’s final realisation of her son’s slow and painful death was cringe-worthy. She certainly had enthusiasm for the piece but it came across as more panto than real acting.  She played the scene hysterically, whereas I would have liked to have seen more emotional depth and sincerity. In fact, I had a problem with her lack of passion throughout the play. The script implies a past emotional relationship between her character and Pastor Manders, but both delivered their lines with detachment, their interaction failing to convince me. I am not sure whether this interpretation was dictated by the directing or whether it was due to a lack of acting ability.  

Ian Glen has acted in and directed this play, and may have bitten off more than he can chew. The pace of the performance built well, until I was convinced that Oswald had a future, painting in France. It therefore came as an unexpected shock to me when he suddenly died. This should have meant that I was deeply moved by this sudden turn of events. However, this final scene left me cold. Lesley Sharp’s acting was over the top and not supported well by other elements that I noticed. The only visual and aural elements were provided by the actors themselves, and the lighting dimmed. A more dramatic change in lighting quality and less over stated acting might have made the moment more poignant, leaving a lasting impression on the audience.  

My general confusion continued to the end of the play, and was shared by several others in the audience. I was left with questions unanswered. Pastor Manders seemed to just drift away into oblivion; it was unclear whether Mrs Alving was trying to assist her son to die or whether she merely wished to take away his pain; and the audience was left speculating as to just how corrupted the previously sweet and innocent Regine had been left by the whole experience!

Ibsen would have been disappointed in my reaction to his play, and I am sorry that my reaction has been so negative. This production should have left me emotionally drained, with its exploration of the unfortunate repercussions of syphilis, the corruption of Regine, the death of Oswald, and the despair and panic of his mother. Instead our group left the theatre laughing at the melodramatic performances delivered. Not all the audience felt this way, as evidenced by the four men at the front who gave a standing ovation during the applause. The playwright wanted me to take part in the experience but this play failed to engage my sympathies.